Mar 02, · Moreover, decades of the one-child policy have made single-child households the norm, experts say. “China should have stopped the policy 28 years ago A two-child policy is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children.. A two child policy has previously been used in several countries including Iran, Singapore, and blogger.com British Hong Kong in the s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit (although it was not mandated by Feb 07, · One legacy of the one-child policy is that each generation stands to inherit the wealth of four grandparents and two parents–the flip side of the “” phenomenon. In affluent families
Two-child policy - Wikipedia
A two-child policy is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children. A two child policy has previously been used in several countries including IranSingaporeand Vietnam. In British Hong Kong in the s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit although it was not mandated by lawand it was used as part of the region's family planning strategies.
From toit has been implemented in Chinareplacing the country's previous one-child policyuntil it was replaced by a three-child policy to mitigate the country's falling birth rates. In British Hong Kongthe Eugenics League was founded inone child policy in china essay, which became The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong in In the s due to the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two is Enough" campaign, one child policy in china essay, [5] which reduced the general birth rate through educational means.
The organization [6] founded the International Planned Parenthood Federationwith its counterparts in seven other countries. Although the "Two is Enough" campaign found widespread approval, it does not reflect current government policy in supporting families. This is a means-tested financial benefit, which is not limited to a particular number of children either.
From untilChinese citizens were generally permitted to have only one child, with certain exceptions. During this time, the birth rate dropped from nearly 6 children per woman to just one child policy in china essay 3. As China's youngest generation born under the one-child policywhich first became a requirement for most couples in came of age for formation of the next generation, a single child would be left with having to provide support for their two parents and four grandparents.
In response to this issue, by all provinces allowed couples to have two children if both parents were the only children of their parents themselves. Han Chinese living in rural areas were often permitted to have two children, as exceptions existed if the first child was a daughter.
In addition, sinceHan Chinese in southern Xinjiang were allowed to have two children. This, one child policy in china essay, along with incentives and restrictions against higher Muslim Uyghur fertility, was seen as attempt to counter the threat of Uyghur separatism.
On 29 OctoberXinhua reported the change in the existing law to a two-child policy citing a statement from the Communist Party of China. Inabout two years after the new policy reform, China is facing new ramifications from the two-child policy. Since the revision of the one-child policy, 90 million women have become eligible to have a second child. After the reform, China saw a short-lived boost in fertility rate for Chinese women gave birth to In China, men still have greater marital power, which increases fertility pressure on their female partners.
However, women have shown interest in a second child if the first child did not possess the desired gender. Chinese couples were also polled and stated that they would rather invest in one child opposed to two children. In Mayit was reported that Chinese authorities were in the process of ending their population control policies. In Octoberthe Conservative Party 's proposed policy of only paying child benefit one child policy in china essay the first two children of unemployed parents has been described as a 'two-child policy', [29] and has been fronted by the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and former leader of the Conservative Party Iain Duncan Smith.
In AprilDavid Cameron denied any such plans to cut child benefits or tax credits. However, three months later, George Osbornethe then Chancellor, announced that child tax credits would be limited to the first two children only. Families making a new benefit claim or whose circumstances change will have the 2-child policy applied to them irrespective of when their children were born.
The two-child policy took effect on 5 April One aspect of the new rules, termed the "rape clause" [32] has caused controversy. Although the policy excludes all but the first two children from all available benefits, an exemption can be applied for if the conception of the third and any further children occurred as a result of the rape of the claimant. A woman wishing to claim this exemption must fill in an eight-page form:.
They must sign a declaration reading: 'I believe the non-consensual conception exemption applies to my child. That the woman must thereby identify the child in question which is thought to be assigned a tax code created for this exemption [34]that first or second children conceived by rape do not count towards this exemption and that women who are still living with their abusers are not eligible are just some of the aspects of the rape clause that caused widespread condemnation.
Ruth Graham, writing for Slatesummarises the issues surrounding this new policy thus:. One member of parliament called the exemption implementation 'inhumane and barbaric. A coalition of the U. InAssam state introduced a policy whereby those having more than two children would ineligible for government jobs.
In MyanmarRohingya people have been subjected to two-child policies. In Singaporethe two-child policy until the s was called "Stop at Two".
Vietnam has had a population policy for over 50 years. It was launched by the Vietnamese government in the early s in North Vietnam and continues in a modified form today, throughout all of Vietnam not just the north. InVietnam had an estimated population of From toVietnam was split into North and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel with separate governments and policies in each region. North Vietnam became the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and had a communist government, whereas South Vietnam became the Republic of Vietnam and was more aligned with the United States and other Western nations.
The government used a system of information, one child policy in china essay, education, communication IEC campaign and publicly accessible contraceptives to curb the population.
Inthe Vietnam government practiced various family planning measures, including the allowance of use of abortion and the creation of the National Committee for Population and Family Planning. Aftereach family was one child policy in china essay to limit the number of children to two. Inthe government increased incentives, such as contraceptives and abortion acceptors, and disincentives, such as penalties for violations in family planning.
Inthe Party implemented the Renovation Đổi Mới Policy, which completely reversed the Communist Party economy to implement capitalistic market ideals. The aims of the Renovation Policy were to end Vietnam's economic isolation, increase competitiveness, one child policy in china essay, and raise living standards. Inthe Vietnamese government issued the one child policy in china essay formalization for the unified Vietnam of the one-to-two child policy as a mandatory national policy.
The policy combined advertisements and education to promote a smaller family "so people may enjoy a plentiful and happy life.
Inthe goal was accelerated to reach the replacement level byone child policy in china essay, and the government subsequently integrated an increased use of abortion as a means to curb population growth.
Inthe Standing Parliamentary Committee of the National Assembly issued the highest legislative document on population titled the Population Ordinance, which restructured the official family planning policy.
This caused controversy as individuals protested the conflicting messages purported by the government in regards to their reproductive rights. Inthe Population Ordinance was amended to again restrict the number of children to be one or two children, although individuals were allowed to decide the timing and spacing of their births.
However, there is disagreement between policy makers and academics on what should be included in the law.
The organizational structure of the two-child policy was housed under different governmental units since its conception in the s. As the policy evolved from "Initiation in the s—s; Maturity in the s—s; and Legalization in the s—s", [42] the administration of the population policy also changed.
Fromthe population program fell under the Population and Birth Control Unit. From —, it was under the control of National Committee for Population and Family Planning.
From —, it was in the jurisdiction of the Vietnam Commission for Population, Family and Children. Sincethe population program has been under the General Office for One child policy in china essay and Family Planning. Although the policy was advocated on the national level, the central government did not utilize specific fines or incentives, instead delegating implementation responsibilities to local governments.
Depending on the specific location, district governments charged fines ranging from 60 to kilograms of paddy rice, equivalent to the worth of a month to a year's wages, for each additional child, and additionally, women who agreed to be sterilized were given bonuses of to kilograms of rice. Individuals who did not use contraceptives sometimes had their names announced over the intercom system of the village to shame them into using them, whereas individuals who did could be selected to win the Labor Medal for "good realization of the population — family planning program".
Currently, the effective population policy is the revised Population Ordinance which states that "each couple and individual has the right and responsibility to participate in the campaigns on population and family planning, reproductive health care: i decide time and birth spacing; ii have one or two children, exceptional cases to be determined by the Government.
Furthermore, later that year, Chief Executive Trương Tấn San stressed the need for continued diligence in population control and stated that the population of Vietnam should be million people byand suggested that a new comprehensive Law on Population be introduced to the government by The total fertility rate in Vietnam dropped from 5.
Furthermore, because of this policy, the population has fundamentally changed their ideas of the family. Inthe Inter-Censal Demographic and Health Survey found that parents wanted an average of 3.
However, the reported findings differ depending on the fertility one child policy in china essay utilized and on the particular research study cited. The United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific found that the average number in household was 3.
There is evidence that son preference exists in Vietnam. Despite the evidence for son preference, there is no clear evidence that Vietnam's sex ratio at birth is increasing, as seen in other East Asian countries, one child policy in china essay, notably China, one child policy in china essay, though evidence is conflicting depending on the source. In the north, there is a strong relationship between sex bias in fertility decisions and one child policy in china essay of male births, while in the south, this relationship is nonexistent.
This reflects the pressure for government employees to adhere to the two-child limit, and the perceived necessity of males for manual labor in the farm. Although the policy states that "the state will supply, free of charge, birth control devices to eligible persons who are cadres, one child policy in china essay, manual workers, one child policy in china essay, civil servants or members of the armed forces and poor persons who register to practice family planning The widespread sale of birth control devices will be permitted to facilitate their use by everybody that needs them," [53] the only modern contraceptive readily available in Vietnam is the IUD.
For the government to achieve its two-child policy, the survey committee recommends increased promotion of the commercial availability of the condom and the pill, and strengthening of the government family planning program. Abortion rates in Vietnam are unusually high by international standards, with a total abortion rate of at least 2.
Individuals of lower educational levels also have higher abortion rates. There are multiple factors influencing Vietnam's high abortion rates. First, because women do not have access to contraceptive methods besides IUDs, whilst condoms remain expensive relative to average income, as a result many do not use one child policy in china essay birth control. Iran authorities encouraged families in Iran not to have more than two children when conducting family planning in Iran from the early s to late Iran's government "declared that Islam favoured families with only two children", as one historian put it.
Scientific and experts studies show that we will face population aging and reduction in population if the birth-control policy continues. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Population-control policies in some countries and territories. See also: Demographics of Hong Kong, one child policy in china essay. See also: Family planning policies of China. This section needs expansion.
You can help by adding to it. May See also: Rohingya genocide.
10 China's One-Child Policy Facts - WMNews Ep. 51
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Essay Fountain: A custom essay writing service that sells original assignment help services to students. We provide essay writing services, other custom assignment help services, and research materials for references purposes only. Students should ensure that they reference the materials obtained from our website appropriately Mar 02, · Moreover, decades of the one-child policy have made single-child households the norm, experts say. “China should have stopped the policy 28 years ago This essay begins with a discussion of the evolution of the one-child policy in China, covering the lead-in to its inception, major modifications over time, and The Evolution of China’s One-Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes Junsen Zhang is the Wei Lun Professor of Economics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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